Physical Chemistry
Some Basic Concepts in Chemistry
Matter and its nature, Dalton's atomic theory: Concept of atom, molecule, element, and compound; Laws of chemical combination; Atomic and molecular masses, mole concept, molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae; Chemical equations and stoichiometry.
Atomic Structure
Nature of electromagnetic radiation, photoelectric effect; Spectrum of the hydrogen atom; Bohr model of a hydrogen atom - its postulates, derivation of the relations for the energy of the electron and radii of the different orbits, limitations of Bohr's model; Dual nature of matter, de Broglie's relationship; Heisenberg uncertainty principle; Elementary ideas of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanics, the quantum mechanical model of the atom, its important features; Concept of atomic orbitals as one-electron wave functions; Variation of Ψ and Ψ² with r for 1s and 2s orbitals; Various quantum numbers (principal, angular momentum, and magnetic quantum numbers) and their significance; Shapes of s, p, and d - orbitals; Electron spin and spin quantum number; Rules for filling electrons in orbitals - Aufbau principle, Pauli's exclusion principle, and Hund's rule; Electronic configuration of elements, extra stability of half-filled and completely filled orbitals.
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
Kossel - Lewis approach to chemical bond formation, the concept of ionic and covalent bonds; Ionic Bonding: Formation of ionic bonds, factors affecting the formation of ionic bonds; calculation of lattice enthalpy; Covalent Bonding: concept of electronegativity, Fajan's rule, dipole moment; Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory and shapes of simple molecules; Valence bond theory - its important features, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals; Resonance; Molecular orbital Theory - Its important features, LCAOs, types of molecular orbitals (bonding, antibonding), sigma and pi-bonds, molecular orbital electronic configurations of hom*onuclear diatomic molecules, the concept of bond order, bond length, and bond energy; Elementary idea of metallic bonding, Hydrogen bonding and its applications.
Chemical Thermodynamics
Fundamentals of thermodynamics: system and surroundings, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, types of processes; The first law of thermodynamics - concept of work, heat internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity, molar heat capacity; Hess's law of constant heat summation; Enthalpies of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, hydration, ionization, and solution; The second law of thermodynamics - Spontaneity of processes: ΔS of the universe and ΔS of the system as criteria for spontaneity; ΔG (Standard Gibbs free energy change) and equilibrium constant.
Solutions
Different methods for expressing the concentration of solution - morarity, molarity, more fraction, percentage (by volume and mass both), the vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's law - Ideal and non-ideal solutions, vapour pressure - composition, plots for ideal and non-ideal solutions; colligative properties of dilute solutions - a relative lowering of vapour pressure, depression or freezing point, the elevation of boiling point and osmotic pressure; determination of molar mass using colligative properties; Abnormal uutr"* of solutions and its significance.
Equilibrium
Meaning of equilibrium, the concept of dynamic equilibrium; Equilibria involving physical processes: Solid-liquid, liquid-gas and solid-gas equilibria, Henry's law, General characteristics of equilibrium, effect of pressure, concentration, temperature, the effect of catalyst; Le Chatelier's principle; Ionic equilibrium: acids and bases (including ionization of water, pH scale, common ion effect, solubility equilibria, buffer solutions, and titrations; Concepts of acids and bases: Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis; ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, concept of pH scale.
Redox Reactions
Electronic concepts of oxidation and reduction, oxidation number, balancing of redox reactions, oxidation-reduction potentials; Electrochemical cells and cell reactions, EMF of a galvanic cell and its measurement; Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Galvanic cells and their representation, standard electrode potential, Gibbs' energy change and cell potential, Factors affecting the electrode potential, electrolytic conductance, specific and molar conductivity, Kohlrausch's law, electrolysis and laws of electrolysis (elementary idea), dry cell - electrolytic cells and Galvanic cells, lead accumulator; EMF of a cell, standard electrode potential, Nernst equation and its application to chemical cells, Relation between Gibbs energy change and EMF of a cell, fuel cells.
Inorganic Chemistry
Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table; s, p, d, and f block elements- periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity.Modern periodic law and present form of the periodic table; s, p, d, and f block elements- periodic trends in properties of elements atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity.
P-Block Elements
General Introduction: Electronic configuration and general trends in physical and chemical properties of elements across the periods and down the groups; unique behavior of the first element in each group.
d and f-Block Elements
Transition Elements: General introduction, electronic configuration, occurrence and characteristics, general trends in properties of the first row transition elements - physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, color, catalytic behavior, magnetic properties, complex formation, interstitial compounds, alloy formation: Preparation, properties, and uses of K2Cr2O7 and KMnO4. Inner Transition Elements: Lanthanoids-Electronic configuration, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction. Actinoids - Electronic configuration and oxidation states.
Coordination Compounds
Introduction to coordination compounds, Werner's theory; ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds; isomerism: Bonding, Valence bond approach, and basic ideas of Crystal field theory, color and magnetic properties; Importance of coordination compounds (in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals and in biological systems).
Organic Chemistry
Purification and Characterization of Organic Compounds
Purification - Crystallization, sublimation, distillation, differential extraction, and chromatography - principles and their applications; Qualitative analysis - Detection of nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus, and halogens.
Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry
Tetravalency of carbon; Shapes of simple molecules - hybridization (s and p); Classification of organic compounds based on functional groups: - C = C - , - C º C - and those containing halogens, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur; hom*ologous series; Isomerism - structural and stereoisomerism.
Hydrocarbons
Classification, isomerism, IUPAC nomenclature, general methods of preparation, properties, and reactions. Alkanes - Conformations: Sawhorse and Newman projections (of ethane); Mechanism of halogenation of alkanes. Alkenes - Geometric isomerism: cis-trans isomerism (but-2-ene); Mechanism of electrophilic addition: addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, hydrogen halides (Markovnikov's addition and peroxide effect); Ozonolysis, oxidation, and polymerization. Alkynes - Acidic character of alkynes; Addition of hydrogen, halogens, water, and hydrogen halides; Polymerization. Aromatic hydrocarbons - Nomenclature, benzene - structure and aromaticity; Mechanism of electrophilic substitution: halogenation, nitration, Friedel - Crafts alkylation and acylation, directive influence of functional group in monosubstituted benzene.
Organic Compounds Containing Halogens
General methods of preparation, properties, and reactions; Nature of C-X bond; Mechanisms of substitution reactions.
Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses. Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic acids, and their derivatives.
Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen
General methods of preparation, properties, reactions, and uses. Amines: Nomenclature, classification, structure, methods of preparation, physical and chemical properties, uses, identification of primary, secondary and tertiary amines. Cyanides and Isocyanides - will be mentioned at relevant places. Diazonium salts: Preparation, chemical reactions, and importance in synthetic organic chemistry.
Polymers
Classification - natural and synthetic, methods of polymerization (addition and condensation), copolymerization.
Biomolecules
Carbohydrates - Classification (aldoses and ketoses), monosaccharides (glucose and fructose), D and L configuration, oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen); Importance of carbohydrates. Proteins - Elementary idea of α - amino acids, peptide bond, polypeptides, proteins' primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, and quaternary structures (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins; Enzymes. Vitamins - Classification and functions. Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA.
Chemistry in Everyday Life
Chemicals in medicines - analgesics, tranquilizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, antimicrobials, antifertility drugs, antibiotics, antacids, antihistamines; Chemicals in food - preservatives, artificial sweetening agents, elementary idea of antioxidants; Cleansing agents - soaps and detergents, cleansing action.
